Overview

U.S. agricultural policy—often simply called farm policy—generally follows a 5-year legislative cycle that produces a wide-ranging “Farm Bill.”  Farm Bills, or Farm Acts, govern programs related to farming, food and nutrition, and rural communities, as well as aspects of bioenergy and forestry. The most recent of these Farm Bills, the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (2018 Farm Act), authorizes policies in the areas of commodity programs and crop insurance, conservation on agricultural lands, agricultural trade (including foreign food assistance), nutrition (primarily domestic food assistance), farm credit, rural economic development, agricultural research, State and private forestry, bioenergy, and horticulture and organic agriculture. The 2018 Farm Bill replaced the 2014 Farm Bill, in place from 2014 through 2018.

Further details on commodity policy and crop insurance programs under the Farm Bill are available on the Farm & Commodity Policy subpages. Other ERS pages provide access to further details on 2018 Farm Bill provisions related to:

The U.S. Farm Bill modifies standing legislation across the full range of policy areas that it governs, which can vary from Farm Bill to Farm Bill, depending on policy concerns at the time. In some cases, particularly for commodity, conservation, and rural development programs, new Farm Bills extend, revise, and replace provisions of previous Farm Bills. In other cases, provisions of a new Farm Bill extend, revise, and replace language in laws regulating areas that overlap Farm Bill authorities, including food and nutrition, food safety, trade, credit, research and extension, forestry, food safety, organic production, pesticides, and crop insurance. 

In all of these cases, provisions of previous and related legislation not altered by a new Farm Bill remain in place. As a result, some programs and regulations affecting U.S. food and agriculture policy may be governed by legislation other than the current Farm Bill.

Agricultural policy can also evolve between Farm Bills. For example, programs detailed in the Farm Bill are not always implemented in Farm Bill years—as the programs often require rulemaking, staff education, and outreach before being fully deployed. Other programs related to food and agriculture—typically ad hoc measures that respond to unforeseen events—are often authorized by legislation in non-Farm Bill years. In addition, there may be discretionary changes to existing programs in response to market conditions or other developments. Details on the most recent year's developments in agricultural policies can be found in the ERS report U.S. Agricultural Policy Review, 2022. 

ERS researchers examine the arena of food and agriculture policy across a broad spectrum of topics. For access to the scope of this work, visitors are encouraged to search the guides to ERS topic pages in areas related to their policy interests, listed below.